Monaco

The Genoese built a fortress on the site of present-day Monaco in 1215. The current ruling Grimaldi family secured control in the late 13th century, and a principality was established in 1338. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France. Since then, the principality's mild climate and splendid scenery have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center. French is the official language; English, Italian, and Monegasque are also spoken.